Direct fetal ECG (fECG)
Captured at the cardiac source, rather than inferred from motion
For decades, NSTs have relied on Doppler-based monitoring, inferring fetal heart rate from motion rather than direct cardiac signals.
INVU™ introduces a different starting point, capturing fetal cardiac activity directly and reshaping how NSTs are acquired, interpreted, and delivered across care settings.

At its core, INVU™ captures fetal cardiac activity natively whereas Doppler-based systems infer fetal cardiac activity.
Direct, multimodal cardiac sensing
Motion-based signal inference
An expanded view of how INVU™ and Doppler-based NSTs differ across clinical and operational dimensions.
| INVU™ NST | Traditional Doppler / CTG NST | |
| Signal Acquisition | Direct measurement via fetal ECG & PCG. | Indirect measurement via ultrasound Doppler detecting motion. |
| Signal Reliability | Consistent signal quality across BMI ranges and fetal positions. | Highly dependent on fetal position, maternal BMI, and probe placement. |
| Beat-to-Beat Variability | High-fidelity, true beat-to-beat variability. | Often smoothed or approximated. |
| Artifact Susceptibility | Improved separation of maternal and fetal signals. | Frequent signal dropouts and maternal heart rate confusion. |
| Care Setting | Home-based or clinic-based. | Clinic-based only. |
| Workflow Efficiency | Self-administered with remote clinician review. | Requires staff, equipment, and room time. |
| Patient Experience | Convenient, comfortable, and promotes adherence. | Time-consuming visits and logistical burden. |
| Scalability | Highly scalable digital workflow. | Limited by physical resources. |
| Data Utility | Longitudinal, multimodal dataset for analytics and AI. | Episodic snapshots, limited reuse. |
The INVU™ NST is built around a simple shift in approach. Rather than inferring fetal heart rate from motion, INVU™ captures fetal cardiac activity directly using native ECG sensors combined with a multimodal sensing architecture.
This approach is built on four core foundations:
Captured at the cardiac source, rather than inferred from motion
Provides an independent acoustic view of the same cardiac events
Designed to function reliably beyond the clinic
Enables clinician interpretation without real-time signal maintenance

Continuity matters – not just for efficiency, but for interpretability.

Short-term fetal heart rate variability reflects autonomic nervous system activity.
In Doppler-based NSTs, variability is derived from motion-based signals that may be noisy or irregular.
Signal processing and smoothing are often applied to support interpretability.
With INVU™, cardiac timing is captured directly, individual beats are defined by discrete physiological events.
The way variability is derived determines how confidently it can be interpreted.

Motion interference can introduce artifacts that resemble physiological changes.
Overlap between maternal and fetal heart rates may complicate interpretation in motion-based monitoring.
Distinguishing artifact from true signal sometimes requires repeat monitoring or additional confirmation.
With INVU™ cardiac activity is captured through distinct electrical signatures, and enabling signal separation to be more defined.
Clarity is not only about signal presence, it is about signal confidence.

Monitoring can move beyond the clinic without sacrificing interpretability.
Staff time shifts from real-time troubleshooting to asynchronous review.
Patient adherence may improve when logistical burden is reduced.
With INVU™, Capacity can expand without proportional increases in physical resources.
A different sensing foundation enables flexibility in modes of care.
Traditional NSTs are closely tied to physical presence, equipment, and real-time supervision.
When signal stability depends on positioning and adjustment, monitoring naturally remains clinic-centered.
By contrast, a direct and wearable sensing approach allows NST acquisition to extend beyond the exam room, shifting clinician involvement from signal maintenance to focused interpretation.
The clinical intent of the NST remains the same - but how it fits into care delivery evolves
Stability, interruptions, and the need for ongoing adjustment directly affect NST efficiency and interpretability.
Mechanically inferred signals with high dependency on monitoring conditions.
Signal Stability
Doppler-based monitoring is highly sensitive to fetal movement, maternal anatomy, and probe positioning, often leading to signal degradation during routine monitoring.
Monitoring Interruptions
Loss of acoustic coupling frequently results in signal dropouts that require repeated repositioning and staff intervention.
Operator Dependency
Maintaining an interpretable tracing often requires continuous adjustment by trained personnel throughout the NST.
Direct electrical cardiac signals designed for continuity.
Signal Stability
Direct fetal ECG acquisition is less affected by fetal position or maternal body habitus, supporting more stable signal quality across monitoring sessions.
Monitoring Continuity
Reduced sensitivity to motion and coupling conditions minimizes interruptions and supports uninterrupted NST acquisition.
Operator Dependency
Wearable, self-administered monitoring reduces the need for real-time staff involvement to maintain signal integrity.
